Longitudinal research in adults suggests that there may be a remission of cataplectic severity after symptom stabilization. This article reviews recent research on the clinical characteristics of cataplexy. Cataplexy is the sudden loss of muscle tone in either the face, neck, trunk, and/or limbs, leading to a loss of voluntary muscle control. Narcolepsy is a central disorder of hypersomnolence with symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep paralysis, and cataplexy. In this review, we summarize the available therapeutic options for narcolepsy, including the pharmacological, behavioral, and psychosocial interventions. Moreover, overall narcolepsy symptoms management can also benefit from non-pharmacological approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) and psychosocial interventions to improve the patients' quality of life in both adult and pediatric-affected individuals as well as the well-being of their families. A definitive cure for narcolepsy is not available to date, and although the research in the field is highly promising, up to now, current treatments have aimed to reduce the symptoms by means of different pharmacological approaches. Thus, the most reliable pathogenic hypothesis is an autoimmune process destroying hypothalamic hypocretin-producing cells.
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Its etiology is still largely unknown, but studies have reported a strong association between NT1 and HLA, as well as a pathogenic association with the deficiency of cerebrospinal hypocretin-1. Narcolepsy is a rare, chronic, and disabling central nervous system hypersomnia two forms can be recognized: narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and narcolepsy type 2 (NT2). Results were interpreted on the factorial axis where they organize three vectors of meaning, representative of the function of dreaming: Remembering, repeating and working through From traumatic content to problem-solving strategy From the safe-guardian of sleep to the safe-guardian of dream waking-continuity.ĭreaming process shows functions of integration and processing of memories, but also a decrease in dream recall can act as a defense and have a crucial role for mental life. Four thematic clusters emerged: Escape from the threat The work of mourning Unrecalled dreams Covid-19: as manifest content. A cluster analysis was performed on dream narratives through T-Lab software. Also a part of MADRE questionnaire was examined, considering both dream recall and the attitudes towards the dreams – both meaningful and transformative – as indicators of the dreaming process.
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The aim of the present study was to explore, from a qualitative-quantitative perspective, contents of dreams and functions of dreaming during the Covid-19 pandemic.Ī sample of 1,095 subjects who decide to recount their dreams was involved. However, the studies carried out thus far in the field of sleep and dreams during the Covid-19 pandemic have mostly focused on sleep disorders, emotional tones and contents of dreams. Dreams after undergoing traumatic experiences could “replay” traumatic scenes or have a para-therapeutic role that facilitates connections between traumatic event and associated emotions.
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The Covid-19 pandemic and the restrictive measures taken against the spread of the contagion can be considered as traumatic events having a major impact on mental health.